major influence on whitman and thoreau

2 min read 28-02-2025

Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau, two titans of American literature, profoundly impacted each other and subsequent generations of writers. While their styles differed, both championed individualism, nature, and democratic ideals. Understanding their influences reveals the rich tapestry that shaped their unique voices.

Transcendentalism: The Shared Philosophical Foundation

Both Whitman and Thoreau were deeply influenced by Transcendentalism, a philosophical movement emphasizing intuition, self-reliance, and the inherent goodness of humanity. This philosophy, championed by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, stressed the importance of individual experience and spiritual connection with nature.

Emerson's Guiding Light

Ralph Waldo Emerson, the acknowledged leader of Transcendentalism, served as a crucial mentor for both men. His essays, particularly "Self-Reliance" and "Nature," resonated deeply with their evolving worldviews. Emerson's emphasis on intuition, nonconformity, and the divinity of the individual directly impacted their writings. Whitman's exuberant celebration of self in Leaves of Grass echoes Emerson's call for self-trust, while Thoreau's retreat to Walden Pond embodies Emerson's emphasis on a simple life close to nature.

The Impact of Margaret Fuller

While less overtly acknowledged, Margaret Fuller, another key Transcendentalist figure, also influenced both writers. Her feminist perspective and advocacy for social reform subtly informed their own progressive leanings. Fuller's emphasis on individual potential and the interconnectedness of all things resonates with Whitman’s inclusive vision of humanity and Thoreau’s profound connection with the natural world.

Beyond Transcendentalism: Other Key Influences

While Transcendentalism formed the bedrock of their philosophical underpinnings, other influences contributed to the development of their unique styles and perspectives.

Romantic Poetry's Embrace of Nature

The Romantic movement, with its emphasis on emotion, imagination, and the sublime power of nature, significantly impacted both writers. Romantic poets like William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley inspired Whitman's free verse and lyrical descriptions of nature. Thoreau's meticulous observations of the natural world also reflect this Romantic tradition. The awe and wonder expressed towards nature became a central theme in their works.

The Power of Democracy and Social Reform

The burgeoning democratic spirit of 19th-century America deeply influenced both Thoreau and Whitman. They witnessed firsthand the inequalities and injustices prevalent in society. This fueled Thoreau’s passionate critique of slavery in Civil Disobedience, and Whitman’s inclusive vision of a truly democratic America, expressed in his celebration of ordinary people in Leaves of Grass. Both authors championed social justice and individual liberty.

Classical Literature and Mythology

Both Whitman and Thoreau drew inspiration from classical literature and mythology. Whitman's epic scope and use of catalogs in Leaves of Grass echo the grand narratives of ancient epics. Thoreau's philosophical reflections often draw parallels with ancient Greek thinkers. This infusion of classical knowledge deepened the intellectual and philosophical dimensions of their writings.

The Influence of Each Other

Finally, it's crucial to acknowledge the reciprocal influence between Whitman and Thoreau. While their relationship wasn't overtly close, they shared mutual respect and admiration. Whitman, in particular, publicly championed Thoreau's work, furthering its reach and influence. This mutual respect fostered an ongoing dialogue that enriched the landscape of American literature.

Conclusion: A Legacy of Influence

The influences on Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau were multifaceted and interconnected. Transcendentalism provided the philosophical foundation, while Romantic poetry, democratic ideals, classical literature, and their mutual influence shaped their unique styles and perspectives. Their enduring legacy continues to inspire writers and thinkers today, showcasing the enduring power of ideas rooted in nature, individuality, and social justice.