conservatism apush definition

3 min read 27-02-2025

Conservatism, a significant force shaping American history, doesn't have a single, static definition. Its meaning shifts across time and context. Understanding conservatism in the AP US History context requires examining its evolving principles and impact on American political, social, and economic landscapes. This article will explore the multifaceted nature of conservatism, tracing its evolution through key historical periods.

Defining Conservatism: A Shifting Landscape

At its core, conservatism emphasizes tradition, order, and stability. Conservatives generally favor incremental change over radical reform. However, the specific policies and values associated with conservatism have varied significantly throughout American history.

Early American Conservatism: A Focus on Order and Stability

In the early republic, conservatism often manifested as a defense of established institutions and social hierarchies. Think of the Federalists, who championed a strong central government to maintain order and prevent the chaos they associated with radical change. Their emphasis on property rights and social stability contrasted sharply with the more egalitarian ideals of some revolutionary figures.

The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy and its Conservative Counterpart

Andrew Jackson's presidency ushered in an era of greater democratization, challenging the elitist tendencies of earlier conservatism. However, a conservative backlash emerged, often centered around anxieties about the expansion of suffrage and the potential disruption of social order. Whigs, for example, often presented themselves as defenders of traditional values and institutions threatened by Jacksonian populism.

Conservatism in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a significant shift in the political landscape. The Gilded Age saw the rise of industrial titans and massive economic inequality, creating fertile ground for progressive reforms. Conservatives during this time often defended laissez-faire capitalism, resisting government intervention in the economy. They viewed such intervention as a threat to individual liberty and economic growth.

The New Deal and Conservative Response

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal dramatically expanded the role of the federal government in the economy and social welfare. This provoked a strong conservative reaction, with many arguing that the New Deal's expansion of government power threatened individual freedom and economic efficiency. Groups like the American Liberty League opposed New Deal policies, fearing the growth of government bureaucracy and the erosion of traditional values.

Conservatism in the Post-War Era and Beyond

The post-World War II era witnessed the rise of a new conservatism, often associated with figures like Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan. This "modern conservatism" emphasized limited government, individual liberty, and free markets. It combined traditional conservative values with a strong anti-communist stance and a focus on national security. The rise of the Religious Right in the late 20th century further shaped the conservative movement, infusing it with socially conservative positions on issues like abortion and family values.

Key Themes in American Conservatism

Several recurring themes have characterized conservatism throughout American history:

Emphasis on Tradition and Order: Conservatives generally value established institutions and traditions, viewing them as sources of stability and social cohesion. They often resist rapid social and political change, preferring gradual evolution.
Limited Government: Conservatives typically advocate for limited government intervention in both the economy and social life. They believe that excessive government regulation stifles individual initiative and economic growth.
Individual Liberty: While advocating for limited government, conservatives also stress the importance of individual freedom and responsibility. They believe that individuals should be free to pursue their own interests, provided they do not infringe upon the rights of others.
Free Markets: Conservatives generally support free markets and capitalism, believing that they are the most efficient and effective means of allocating resources and generating economic growth.

Understanding Conservatism in the APUSH Exam

The AP US History exam often tests students' understanding of conservatism's complexities and evolution. To succeed, focus on:

Identifying different forms of conservatism: Recognize that conservatism is not a monolithic ideology; its meaning and manifestation have changed over time.
Analyzing the impact of conservatism on policy: Examine how conservative ideas have influenced key political, social, and economic developments throughout American history.
Comparing and contrasting conservative and liberal perspectives: Understanding the tensions and debates between conservative and liberal ideologies is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of American history.

By studying the evolution of conservatism and its diverse expressions throughout American history, you will gain a deeper understanding of this crucial force shaping the nation's political and social landscape. This understanding is essential for success in your AP US History course and beyond.